| Siege of San Sebastián | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Peninsular War | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| United Kingdom, Portugal |
French Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Marquess of Wellington | Brig-Gen Louis Rey | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 18,000 | 3,600 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 5,300, including 1,200 killed, 3,800 wounded, 300 missing | 1,900 dead and wounded, 1,200 captured | ||||||
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In the Siege of San Sebastián (7 July - 8 September 1813) Allied forces under the command of General Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington captured the city of San Sebastián in northern Spain from its French garrison under Brigadier-General Louis Rey. The attack resulted in the ransacking and devastation of the town by fire.
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After winning the decisive Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813, Wellington's army moved into the western Pyrenees to face Marshal Nicolas Soult's reorganized French army. To clear his rear area and to obtain a port to supply his forces, Wellington laid siege to San Sebastián.
Rey's 3,000-man French garrison consisted of the 22nd Line (1 battalion), 64th Line (2 battalions), elements of the 1st Light and 34th Line, one company each of sappers and pioneers, and two companies of gunners. Ninety-seven guns lined the fortifications.
To prosecute the siege, Lieut-Gen Thomas Graham commanded an 11,000-strong corps that included Maj-Gen Kenneth Howard's 1st Division, Maj-Gen John Oswald's 5th Division and Brig-Gen Denis Pack's Portuguese brigade. Graham deployed 40 heavy siege guns.
San Sebastián (Donostia in Basque), numbering 9,104 inhabitants at the time, was a rather liberal town as opposed to the more conservative province of Gipuzkoa, open to different influences from overseas, the north (Gascony and France altogether) and the south (Spain). Additionally, the make-up of the town had been conspicuously mixed ethnic Gascon and Basque since its foundation, while Gascon language may have died out at this point of the town's history.
After Napoleon's takeover in France, elder brother Joseph I was proclaimed king of Spain in 1808. Francisco Amorós, who is cited in many accounts as "French-minded", was then appointed chief magistrate of the town. While it seems that the new authorities and aides weren't especially highly regarded by the population, it holds true that peace prevailed the whole period running up to 1813, and French troops were generally well accepted. This balance swung when French troops on retreat under Emmanuel Rey's command and refugees fleeing Vitoria after the French defeat arrived in the city in June.[1]
San Sebastián stood on a peninsula into the Bay of Biscay that ran generally north and south. The southern face of the city's fortifications was very strong. On its eastern side, the city was protected by the estuary of the Urumea River. British engineers detected a weak point near the riverfront at the city's southeastern corner. Assaults were possible across the river bed at low tide from both the south and the east. Breaching batteries were constructed to the south of the city and in sandhills on the east side of the estuary.
British seapower could not be utilized because the Biscayan blockading fleet was understrength. In fact, French vessels regularly brought in supplies and reinforcements, while taking out wounded and sick soldiers. Because of this, Wellington could not expect to starve out the city. He would have to breach the walls and carry the city by assault.
The first parallel was opened on 7 July. Wellington personally launched an unsuccessful attack on 25 July. For the next week, he was fully occupied in defending against Soult's attack in the Battle of the Pyrenees. In the first siege, the British suffered 693 killed and wounded and 316 captured. Rey's garrison lost 58 killed and 258 wounded.
After driving Soult back across the frontier, Wellington again turned his attention to San Sebastián on 8 August. By this time, Soult had reinforced Rey to a strength of 3,600 men, including complete battalions of the 1st Light, 34th Line and 119th Line. Graham's corps now numbered 18,000 men. The British engineers emplaced their breaching batteries by 26 August. By late on 30 August, the 15 heavy cannon firing from the south and 42 guns firing from the east blasted two breaches in the walls. The main breach was made near the southeast corner of the fortress while a smaller breach was located on the east side. Graham ordered an assault for the following day.
Because the attack had to be made as the tide fell, it was scheduled for 11:00 am on 31 August. The 5th Division made the assault from the south on the main breach. The soldiers dashed across the 180 yards from the trenches to the foot of the breach with little loss, but then the French opened a terrific fire. Again and again the men of the 5th Division rushed up the rubble-strewn breach, but they were cut down in swaths.
The French had built an inner wall that stopped the redcoats from breaking through the defenses. Hundreds of British soldiers were killed. Graham committed 750 volunteers from the 1st, 4th and Light Divisions, but they were unable to beat down the French defenders. A Portuguese brigade splashed across the Urumea River and attacked the eastern breach, but their drive also stalled. After two hours, the assault was a costly failure. The survivors hugged the ground to avoid the searing fire.
After consulting with his artillery commander, Alexander Dickson, Graham chose to open fire on the inner wall, despite risk of killing many British soldiers who lay so close under the barrier. When the British heavy guns first fired over their heads, the survivors of the attack began to panic. But, when the smoke cleared, they noticed that the big guns had wrecked most of the inner wall. With a yell, they charged, reached the top of the breach and spilled into the city. At the sight of their defence lines broken, the French retreated to the fortress on the hill of Urgull and by midday the besiegers had taken over the town.[2] Rey and his surviving garrison held out until 5 September before asking for terms. The French commander formally surrendered on 8 September.
Meanwhile, the British rank and file and even high officials ran completely amok, pillaging and burning the city a whole week long, torturing inhabitants suspect of keeping money or gems, raping women and killing an estimate 1,000 inhabitants,[3]. Much and well recorded evidence (75 reports) was gathered bearing witness to the dismal events starting on 31 August.[4] As stated by one of the survivors and witness Gabriel Serres, "[the assailants] committed the biggest atrocities, such as killing and injuring many inhabitants and also raping most of the women".[5] The burning started that very night on some houses, according to local witnesses set ablaze by the assailants despite early attempts by English generals to put down the burning to the French. The general opinion of the locals may be summarized in the town dweller Domingo de Echave's evidence echoing an English soldier's words pointing to flames coming out of a house: "See that house ablaze? Mind you, tomorrow all like this."[6] Order was not restored for seven days, by which time only a handful of buildings survived. The rest of the city burned to the ground (600 houses, city hall and record office included).
After the burning, the Town Council and many survivors of the destruction held a meeting in Zubieta, where the devastated town dwellers decided the reconstruction of the town almost from scratch. Moreover, a new council was appointed, besides requiring the English authorities that they'd be granted 2,000 starvation wages for those most in need. The demand was not met since Wellington refused to do so.[7]
The tragedy is remembered every year on August 31 with an extensive candlelit ceremony
Of Rey's garrison, 1,900 were killed or wounded and 1,200 captured. Graham's command lost 1,200 killed, 3,800 wounded and 300 missing. In the final assault, 856 men died, 1,216 fell wounded and 44 were listed as missing. Maj-Gen James Leith, who had just returned to command the 5th Division, was wounded in the assault. The engineering officer who laid out the Lines of Torres Vedras, Sir Richard Fletcher was killed during the siege, as was one of Harry Burrard's sons.
Not realizing he was too late to save San Sebastián, Soult launched a final attack on 31 August. This attempt was beaten back in the Battle of San Marcial. With the possession of San Sebastián, Wellington could think about driving Soult back into France. The next action was the Battle of the Bidassoa on 7 October, followed by the Battle of Nivelle in November. The French garrison of Pamplona surrendered to the Spanish on 30 October.